The Impact of Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation on Secondary Health Outcomes.

Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep disorder that can increase the risk of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) is an alternative therapy for OSA in patients who cannot tolerate continuous positive airway pressure. Understanding the impact of HGNS on blood pressure, hemoglobin A1C (A1C), and body mass index (BMI) currently remains limited. Methods: A retrospective review study of HGNS outcomes at a single practice from January 2020 to November 2022 was conducted. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were based on HGNS eligibility and postoperative titration study. Statistical analysis and data management were performed using statistical software, R (v.4.2.1; R Core Team). Paired Student's T test, Fisher's exact test, and McNemar's exact test were utilized for statistical analysis. P values less than .05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Sixty-three patients were included in this study. A significant decrease in mean apnea-hypopnea index was noted following HGNS (mean change -28; P < .0001). Similar significant decreases were also seen in mean arterial pressures (mean change -8.4, P < .0001). There was a significant change in overall antihypertensive medication requirements and in requirements ≥3 medications (P < .0005, P = .03). There was a trend toward reduction in A1C; however, there was no change in BMI or number of diabetes medications taken. Conclusions: Our results reinforce previous findings that HGNS is an effective treatment option for carefully selected patients with OSA. In addition, our findings suggest that HGNS may improve patients' quality of life while minimizing OSA associated morbidity.

Practical Application of Culture-Directed Treatment for Chronic Bacterial Laryngitis.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Situated at the center of the upper aerodigestive tract, the larynx often is susceptible to a variety of insults including infection. Manifestations of laryngitis include hoarseness, cough, and sore throat, among others. The purpose of this research is to better understand the clinical presentation and patient characteristics of chronic infectious laryngitis. We aim to better understand when culture-directed therapy should be initiated in patients presenting to the otolaryngologist with suspected chronic infectious laryngitis and how this may influence treatment outcomes. METHODS: A single center, retrospective chart review was performed for patients with laryngitis of >3 weeks duration and who had positive laryngeal cultures obtained at a tertiary referral laryngology office from January 2016 through January 2023. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients (ages 36-84 years) with 29 positive cultures of the larynx met inclusion criteria. Ninety percent of patients were already on acid suppression therapy prior to culture acquisition. Fifty-five percent were immunocompromised. The most common species of bacterial growth included Klebsiella sp. (27.5%), Staphylococcus sp. (27.5%), and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus sp. (13.7%). Twelve cultures (41.4%) revealed multiple bacterial species, and 10 cultures (34.5%) had concomitant fungal isolates. The average treatment duration was 10 days. Twenty-one patients (72%) experienced improvement or resolution in symptoms after completion of culture-directed therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The use of culture-directed therapy for chronic bacterial laryngitis was helpful in the determination of appropriate treatment in these cases. More studies are needed to determine the optimal timing of cultures, duration of treatment, and implications of concomitant fungal laryngitis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 134:335-339, 2024.

Extruded Screw From Cervical Spine Hardware Causing Vocal Fold Paralysis.

Dysphonia and dysphagia are often observed among patients presenting to the otolaryngology clinic. One of the more common etiologies includes iatrogenic injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) as a known complication of head and neck surgeries such as thyroidectomy or anterior approaches to the cervical spine. Most often, RLN injury occurs in this context due to traction or transection of the nerve. No reports on delayed presentation of RLN injury from the extrusion of cervical spine hardware (screw) could be found in the peer-reviewed literature. We present a case of a 63-year-old woman who presented to the otolaryngology office with a 3-month history of hoarseness and difficulty swallowing. The patient's past medical history was significant for a motor vehicle accident (MVA) 6 years prior resulting in right arm radiculopathy and subsequent anterior cervical discectomy with spinal decompression and fusion (ACDF) at C5-C6 and C6-C7 approximately 3 months after the MVA. Strobovideolaryngoscopy revealed right vocal fold immobility. Computed tomography scan revealed that a screw from the right side of the ACDF hardware migrated approximately 2 cm with compression of the RLN. The patient underwent neck exploration with removal of the extruded hardware and microdirect laryngoscopy with right vocal fold injection laryngoplasty. Intraoperatively, the extruded screw was found embedded within the RLN fibers. This case represents the first report to our knowledge of extrusion of cervical spine hardware screw resulting in delayed RLN injury and vocal fold paralysis.

Endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma is a rare, under-reported cutaneous adnexal tumor that is often misdiagnosed and has an unknown incidence of metastasis. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of metastasis and tumor recurrence, as well as diagnostic accuracy and current trends in treatment modality. METHODS: A search was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Tumor pathology and clinical data concerning demographics, presentation, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 36 publications with 110 cases were identified. Initial pathological diagnosis was incorrect in 45.5% of cases. One case of metastatic disease was reported. The incidence of locoregional recurrence was 10.6% over a mean follow-up period of 21.3 months. Of cases with known methods of resection, 34.6% were resected by excisional biopsy, 42.8% were resected by wide surgical excision, and 31.3% were cleared by Mohs micrographic surgery. LIMITATIONS: The low reported incidence and level of evidence was suboptimal with only case reports and retrospective case studies being reported. CONCLUSION: Reported cases of this pathology demonstrate poor diagnostic accuracy. High rates of misdiagnosis and inadequate definitive treatment suggest the need for more comprehensive work-up and management of lesions suspicious for this pathology.

Analysis of S1 DRG Programming to Determine Location of the DRG and Ideal Anatomic Positioning of the Electrode.

INTRODUCTION: Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation has been established as a therapy in the treatment of chronic pain. Ideal electrode placement is guided by proper identification of the location of the DRG. The location of the S1 DRG is not well delineated and can be variable making ideal location of the electrode placement difficult based on fluoroscopic imaging. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of postoperative programming of S1 DRG leading across two centers. There were 34 lead placements in 24 patients included in this study. Programming parameters and contacts used were evaluated based on the position of the electrode in reference to the sacral border. RESULTS: The majority of the patient programming parameters were recorded at six weeks following the implant. Most commonly, the programming used a simple continuous bipole configuration. Of the 34 leads programmed, 17 (50%) had programming on the sacral border, 14 (41%) were considered posterior, and 3 (9%) were anterior to the sacral border. CONCLUSION: This analysis of S1 DRG programming demonstrates that ideal positioning of the majority of the contacts for the electrode should be posterior and along the sacral border on fluoroscopic imaging. These findings also suggest that the S1 DRG may be located most reproducibly at the border of the intraforaminal and intracanalicular region.